1. Cambium activity is
 a) More active towards the periphery of stems
 b) More active towards the lateral sides of stems
 c) More active towards the inner side of stem
 d) Same on both sides

2. Cambium is a type of
 a) Apical meristem
 b) Intercalary meristem
 c) Lateral meristem
 d) Permanent of mature meristem

3. Pith is a central part of the ground tissues generally made up of
 a) Parenchyma
 b) Collenchyma
 c) Chlorenchyma
 d) Sclerenchyma

4. Interfascicular cambium is found
 a) Between pith and vascular bundle
 b) Between two vascular bundles
 c) In the vascular bundle
 d) Outside the bundle

5. Meristematic tissue are 
 a) Premature ability of division 
 b) Mature does not have the ability to division 
 c) Premature not having the ability to division
 d) Complex differentiating in xylem, phloem, and cambium

6. I. The 1° and 2° phloem get gradually crushed due to the continued formation and accumulation of 2° xylem
II. 1°  xylem remains more or less intact in or near the center
III. Secondary growth results in an increase in the length of the axis
Select the correct statements
 a) I and II
 b) II and III
 c) I and III
 d) I, II and III

7. Cork is used as the stopper for bottles, for shock absorption and insulation because of
 a) It is light and compressible
 b) Non-reactive
 c) Sufficiently resistant to fire
 d) All of the above

8. Medullary rays are formed by the
 a) Radially placed parenchymatous cells between vascular bundles
 b) Longitudinally placed parenchymatous cells between vascular bundles
 c) Laterally placed parenchymatous cells between vascular bundles
 d) Obliquely placed parenchymatous cells between vascular bundles

9. Identify A to D in the given diagram and choose the correct option

 a) A-Epidermal cell, B-Guard cell, C-Subsidiary cell, D-Chloroplast
 b) A-Epidermal cell, B-Subsidiary cell, C-Chloroplast, D-Guard cell
 c) A-Epidermal cell, B-Chloroplast, C-Subsidiary cell, D-Guard cell
 d) A-Guard cell, B-Chloroplast, C-Subsidiary cell, D-Epidermal cell

10. The jute fibers anatomically are
 a) Bastfibres
 b) Cortical fibres
 c) Xylem fibers
 d) Pith fibres

11. The merismatic tissue responsible for the cutting of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) is called
 a) Cork cambium
 b) Vascular cambium
 c) Lateral meristem
 d) Endodermis

12. Secondary phloem of a dicot root is made up of
I. sieve tube
II. companion cell
III. phloem parenchyma
Select the correct option for the given statement
 a) I and II
 b) II and III 
 c) I and III
 d) All of these

13. The internal structure of a plant stem is observed. There is a discontinuous ring of angular collenchyma below the epidermis. Type of vascular bundles are of the same type as in the stems of solanaceous plants. Sieve tube elements possess simple sieve plates, to identify the plant.
 a) Helianthus
 b) Cucurbita
 c) Zeamays
 d) Hydrilla

14. The innermost layer of the cortex is called
 a) Epidermis
 b) Casparian strips
 c) Endodermis
 d) Pericycle

15. Amphistomatic leaf is
 a) Dicotyledonous leaf
 b) Monocotyledonous leaf
 c) Both (a) and (b)
 d) None of these

16. Which is not a characteristic of plant cell walls?
 a) Found only in the sporophyte phase of the life cycle
 b) Among other compounds contains compounds built of simple sugars
 c) May contain enzymes that are biologically active
 d) Often contain strengthening polymers

17. The ring arrangement of the vascular bundle is the characteristic feature of
 a) Dicot root
 b) Monocot root
 c) Monocot stem
 d) Dicot stem

18. Primary meristem is
 a) Apical meristem
 b) Intercalary meristem
 c) Root apical meristem and shoot apical meristem
 d) Both (a) and (b)

19. I. These tissues are found as layers or patches
II. It consists of cells which are thickened at the corners
III. It often contains chloroplast
IV. Intercellular spaces are absent
V. They provide mechanical support to growing parts of plants
The above characters are attributed to
 a) Vascular tissue
 b) Collenchyma
 c) Parenchyma
 d) Simple sclerenchyma

20. Examples of lateral meristems are
 a) Phellogen and procambium
 b) Fascicular cambium and procambium
 c) Procambium and dermatogen
 d) Fascicular cambium and cork cambium

1 (c)
Cambium is generally more active on the inner side than the outer. As a result, the amount of secondary xylem produced is more than the secondary phloem and soon forms a compact mass

2 (c)
Lateral Meristem The meristem occurs on the sides and takes part in increasing the girth of the plant. Only one type of primary lateral meristem is found in plants. It is intrafascicular cambium. The cambium lies in vascular bundles of dicot and gymnosperm stem in between phloem and xylem

3 (a)
The pith or medulla forms the central region of the stem and root. Usually, the pith of the dicot stem is largely parenchymatous. It is devoid of chlorophyll in the mature state. The pith is not distinguishable in the mature state. The pith is not distinguishable in monocot stems.

4 (b)
As growth begins, the cells of medullary rays, which lie in between vascular bundles become active and rise to a cambial strip called interfascicular cambium constituting cambium.

5 (a)
Tissue is a group of cells performing a particular function. Tissues are mainly of two types
(i) Meristematic tissues These tissues contain immature and young cells that are much active and capable of showing continuous divisions and redivisions. They may be pro meristem, primary meristem, secondary meristem, apical meristem, intercalary meristem, and lateral meristem.
(ii)  Permanent tissues These are made up of mature cells, which have lost the capacity to divide and have attained a permanent shape, size, and function, e.g., simple (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), complex (xylem, phloem) and secretory tissue.

6 (a)
Secondary growth increases the girth not the length of the plant. The length of the plant increases by apical meristem

7 (d)
Cork prevents the loss of water by evaporation. It also protects the interior against the entry of harmful microorganisms, mechanical injury, and extremes of temperature. Cork is light, compressible, non-reactive, and sufficiently resistant to fire. It is used as a stopper for bottles, shock absorption, and insulation

8 (a)
Dicot stems In between the vascular bundles, there are a few layers of radially placed parenchymatous cells. These parenchymatous cells are called medullary rays

9 (b)

Diagram (I) Represents the dicotyledon plant because it has bean-shaped guard cells
Diagram (II) Represents the monocotyledon plant because of having dumb-bell shaped guard cells

10 (a)
Bast or phloem fibers are present in pericycle (e.g.,Corchoruscapsularis (jute), Hibiscus cannabinus (patsan), Crotalariajuncea (sunn hemp). These fibers are also known as extrasolar fibers.

11 (b)
Vascular Cambium
The meristematic layer that is responsible for cutting off vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) is called vascular cambium. In the young stem. It is present in patches as a single layer between the xylem and phloem. Later, it forms a complete ring

12 (d)
The secondary phloem is made up of sieve tubes, companion cells, and phloem parenchyma. Sclerenchyma fibers are rare. The secondary xylem is formed of vessels, tracheids, and xylem parenchyma

13 (b)
Hypodermis in the stem of Cucurbita is made up of angular collenchyma. Hypodermis is two or three-layered or sometimes altogether absent. The vascular bundles are conjoint, open and bicollateral, i.e., phloem is present on both sides of the xylem.

14 (c)
The innermost layer of cortex is called the endodermis. It comprises a single layer of barrel-shaped cells without any intercellular spaces. The tangential as well as radial walls of the endodermal cells have a deposition of water impermeable, waxy material called suberin in the form of casparian strips

15 (b)
The isobilateral monocot leaves usually do not show a distinction between petiole and lamina. The leaf base is commonly sheathing, that is covering the stem partially or completely. The venation is parallel. Amphistomatic leaves have stomata on both the surface

16 (a)
The cell wall in a plant cell is found in both phases, i.e., sporophytic and gametophytic.

17 (d)
The ‘ring’ arrangement of vascular bundles is a characteristic of the dicot stem. Each vascular bundle is conjoint, open, and with endarch protoxylem

18 (d)
Both apical meristem and intercalary meristem are primary meristems because they appear early in the life of plants and contribute to the formation of the primary plant body

19 (b)
Collenchyma.
The collenchyma occurs in layers below the epidermis in dicotyledonous plants. It is found either as a homogenous layer or in patches. It consists of cells that are much thickened at the corners due to the deposition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Collenchymatous cells may be oval, spherical, or polygonal and often contain chloroplasts. These cells assimilate food when they contain chloroplasts. Intercellular spaces are absent. They provide mechanical support to the growing parts of the plant such as young stem and petiole of a leaf

20 (d)
Lateral meristems occur laterally in the axis, parallel to the sides of stems and roots. This meristem consists of initials, which divide mainly in one plane (periclinal) and results in an increase in the diameter of an organ, e.g., cambium of vascular bundles (fascicular, interfascicular, and extrastelar cambium), cork cambium or phellogen.

Question 21-40

Answers

21 a 22 d 23 d 24 a 25 d 26 c 27 c 28 a 29 d 30 d 31 d 32 c 33 d 34 a 35 d 36 d 37 d 38 d 39 d 40 b 

Solutions

21 (a)
Medullary or pith rays They are the radial strips of parenchyma which are present between adjacent vascular bundles. The medullary rays connects the pith with pericycle and cork

22 (d)
Due to the absence of vascular cambium the monocots don’t show secondary growth

23 (d)
Both (b) and (c).
When xylem and phloem within a vascular bundle are arranged in an alternate manner on different radii, the arrangement is called radial, such as in roots. In conjoint type of vascular bundles, the xylem and phloem are situated at the same radius of vascular bundles. Such vascular bundles are common in stems and leaves. The conjoint vascular bundles usually have the phloem located only on the outer side of xylem

24 (a)
The periderm consists of phellem (cork), phellogen (cork cambium) and phelloderm. The Phellogen develops in the epidermis, the cortex, the phloem or the root pericycle and produces phellem towards the outside and phelloderm towards the inside.

25 (d)
When the xylem is differentiated from the point of origin towards outside (i.e., periphery of axis), it is known as centrifugal xylem. In such cases as represented by stems, the protoxylem is situated towards inside and the metaxylem towards outside. This type of condition of xylem is called endarch.

26 (c)
Root Apical Meristem It is found at the tip of the main root and its branches. In case of tap root system, the root apical meristem is formed from radicle part of the embryo or its derivatives. In adventitious root, the root apical meristem is produced from the derivatives of shoot apex

27 (c)
Usually, epidermis consists of single layer of epidermal cells (i.e.,uniseriate). But in case of Nerium, multiple epidermis is found with thick-walled epidermal cells.

28 (a)
The primary growth in plants occur as a result of activity of the apical meristem, which helps in the elongation of roots with the help of root apical meristem and elongation of stem with shoot apical meristem. Dry growth is exhibited by the presence of vascular cambium

29 (d)
Study of internal structure of plants is called anatomy. Plants have cells as the basic unit, cells are organised into tissues and in turn the tissues are organised into organs

30 (d)
In monocotyledon, the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue. They are conjoint and closed (not having vascular cambium)

31 (d)
The primary xylem is in the centre of the stem, while primary phloem is pushed outward and crushed into the cortex by the significant activity of vascular cambium. While the secondary phloem differentiates from the cells that divide towards the outside of the stem

32 (c)
In the meristematic cells, there is no reserve food materials like fat, protein and sugar. So, salts or inorganic material have more concentration than any other cells

33 (d)
Inbreeding is mating between individuals related by descent or ancestry. Inbreeding depression is the reduction or loss in vigour and fertility as a result of inbreeding. Detailed information on inbreeding in maize was published independently by East and Shull. Maize is a monocot plant. Bundle sheath in leaf and medulla in roots are present in maize.

34 (a)
In the leaf of flowering plants, the phloem is always found towards the lower side (abaxial) and xylem towards the upper (adaxial) side.

35 (d)
The inner, darker and harder portion of secondary xylem that cannot conduct water, in an older dicot stem is known as heartwood or duramen, whereas the outer, functional, water conducting, younger secondary xylem constitute the sap-wood or alburnum.

36 (d)
The cells arranged in multiple layer between epidermis and pericycle constitutes the cortex (dicot stem)
It consists of three zones
(i) Hypodermis
(ii) Cortical layer
(iii) Endodermis

37 (d)
Stone cells provide the hardness to seed coats.

38 (d)
Epidermis Epidermis is the outermost protective layer of plant organs. It is usually simple layered but in the leaves of tropical plants (e.g., oleander, banyan) and velamen of some roots, the epidermis is more than one layer thickness. The epidermal tissue system is derived from the protoderm

39 (d)
Both (a) and (b).
The activity of cambium is under the control of many physiological and environmental factors. In temperate regions, the climatic conditions are not uniform through the year. In the spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large number of xylary elements having vessels with wider cavities. The wood formed during this season is called spring wood or early wood

40 (b)
Bark refers to a number of tissue types viz., periderm and secondary phloem